^ Liu, Zongyi Huang, Xiang Zhu, Zhibin Dai, Jinhui (2010).^ von Schnering, Hans-Georg Hönle, Wolfgang (1988).Phosphorus and Sulfur and the Related Elements. "Phosphides and Polyphosphides of the Transition Metals". "Chemical vapour deposition of group Vb metal phosphide thin films" (PDF). (1994) "Phosphides - Solid-state Chemistry" in Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry. The main examples have the formula Mo(P)(NR 2) 3, where R is a bulky organic substituent. Molecular phosphides Ĭompounds with triple bonds between a metal and phosphorus are rare. Structure of terminal phosphido complexes of Mo.Ī method for the preparation of K 2P 16 from red phosphorus and potassium ethoxide has been reported. In this method, the halide is liberated as the volatile trimethylsilyl chloride. Metal phosphides are also produced by reaction of tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine with metal halides. These compounds were synthesized through a solid-liquid reaction between NiCl 2♱2H 2O and red phosphorus at 200 ☌ for 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Hydrothermal reactions to generate nickel phosphides have produced pure and well crystallized nickel phosphide compounds, Ni 2P and Ni 12P 5. Oxidized metals, or even just an oxidized layer on the exterior of the metal, causes extreme and unacceptably high temperatures for beginning phosphorination. The exothermic reactions are often explosive due to local overheating. However, the synthesis is complicated due to several problems. In principle, all metal phosphides and polyphosphides can be synthesized from elemental phosphorus and the respective metal element in stoichiometric forms. One common way involves heating a metal and red phosphorus (P) under inert atmospheric conditions or vacuum. There are many ways to prepare phosphide compounds. Preparation of phosphide and polyphosphide materials Ĥ found in K 5P 4, are radical anions with an odd number of valence electrons making both compounds paramagnetic. Eight mono- and polyphosphides of nickel also exist: ( Ni 3P, Ni 5P 2, Ni 12P 5, Ni 2P, Ni 5P 4, NiP, NiP 2, NiP 3). Potassium has nine phosphides: K 3P, K 4P 3, K 5P 4, KP, K 4P 6, K 3P 7, K 3P 11, KP 10.3, KP 15. The simplest polyphosphides contain P 4−ġ1 ions and polymeric chain anions (e.g. For those with electropositive metals, the materials hydrolyze:Ĭa 3P 2 + 6 H 2O → 3 Ca(OH) 2 + 2 PH 3 Coordination environment around Cu in Cu 3P. These species are insoluble in all solvents - they are 3-dimensional solid state polymers. Copper phosphide ( Cu 3P) illustrates a rare stoichiometry for a phosphide. Indium phosphide ( InP) and gallium phosphide ( GaP) are used as a semi-conductors, often in combination of related arsenides. Magnesium phosphide ( Mg 3P 2) also is moisture sensitive. Other notable examples include aluminium phosphide ( AlP) and calcium phosphide ( Ca 3P 2), which are used as pesticides, exploiting their tendency to release toxic phosphine upon hydrolysis. An example of a group 1 phosphide is sodium phosphide ( Na 3P). Finally, some phosphides are molecular.īinary phosphides include phosphorus and one other element. Phosphides are known with the majority of less electronegative elements with the exception of Hg, Pb, Sb, Bi, Te, and Po. Numerous are polyphosphides, which are solids consisting of anionic chains or clusters of phosphorus. those materials consisting only of phosphorus and a less electronegative element. Most commonly encountered on the binary phosphides, i.e. Many different phosphides are known, with widely differing structures. In chemistry, a phosphide is a compound containing the P 3− ion or its equivalent. A portion of the structure of Cu 3P, highlighting the highly crosslinked nature common to many transition metal phosphides (Cu = orange, P = purple).
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